Abstract
This study assessed the effect of conventional bulk packaging materials, storage time and temperature on quality
of dried mopane worm (Imbrasia belina). Changes in the quality of dried mopane worm (MW) were evaluated
in a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial experiment comprising packaging material (polypropylene woven (PP) and hessian sack),
storage temperature (ambient temperature and 33 °C) and storage time (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days) with three
replications. Experimental data obtained was subjected to ANOVA and the means separated using the post hoc
Tukey test at 5 % level of significance. Quality of traditionally processed dried MW was analysed using changes
in physicochemical (ash, moisture, fat, protein and colour (L*, a*, b* and ∆E*), microbial (yeast and mould
and coliform) count and sensory (colour, taste, texture and overall acceptability) qualities. The proximate
composition of dried MW was not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the interaction between the treatments.
The interaction among treatments significantly (p < 0.05) affected colour parameters L*, a*, b* and ∆E*. There
was no significant (p > 0.05) interaction between packaging materials, temperature and storage time on yeast,
mould and coliform counts. The sensory quality of dried MW was not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the
interaction between the treatments thus indicating consumer acceptability. Deteriorative change in the quality
of dried MW was lower in PP than HS for the two levels of temperature over the duration of the experiment.
References
Agrahar-Murugkar, D., & Jha, K. 2011. Influence of
Storage and Packaging Conditions on the Quality
of Soy Flour from Sprouted Soybean. Journal of
Food Science and Technology, 48, 325-328
Akoglu, I. T., Biyikji, M., Akoglu, A., & Kurhan, S.
Determination of the Quality and Shelf life
of Sous vide cooked Turkey cutlet stored at 4 and
C. Brazillian Journal of Poultry Science
Akpalu, W, Muchapondwa, E and Zikhali, P. 2007.
Can the restrictive harvest period policy conserve
mopane worms in Southern Africa? A bio-
Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment. Volume 7. No.1 2021 14
economic modelling approach Working Paper
Number 65
Akuamoa, F., Odamtten, G. T., & Kortei, N. K. 2019.
Nutritonal and shelf life studies of dry smoked
and gamma irradiated shrimps (Penaeus notialis)
from three different water sources in Ghana.
Cogent food and agriculture
Allen, K., and Conrforth, D. 2010. Comparison of
spice-derived antioxidants and metal chelators on
fresh beef color stability. Meat Science, 85(4),
- 619
Amaral, D. S., Silva, F. A. P., Bezerra, T. K. A.,
Arcanjo, N. M. O., Guerra, I. C. D., Dalmas, P.
S., & Madruga, M. S. 2014. Effect of storage
time and packaging on the quality of Lamb pate
prepared with variety meat. Food Packaging and
Shelf Life, 3(2015), 39-46.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.10.004
Antony, K. P., Rero, C. V. N., & Govindah, T. K.
Bulk packages for storage and
transportation of salted and dried fish. Journal of
Fishery and Technology, 25
AOAC. 2006. Official Methods Of Analysis,18th ed. In
Official Methods Of Analysis,18th ed.
Gaithersberg, USA: Association of Offical
Analytical Chemists.
AOAC. 2014.05. Evaluation of the 3M petrifilm rapid
yeast and mold count plant for the enumeration of
yeast and mold in food. Journal of AOAC
Interantional, 98, 767-783
Araújo, A. C., Oliveira, S. M., Ramos, I. N., Brandão,
T. R. S., Monteiro, M. J., & Silva, C. L. M.
Evaluation of Drying and Storage
Conditions on Nutritional and Sensory Properties
of Dried Galega Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var.
Acephala). Journal of Food Quality, 2017,
doi:10.1155/2017/9393482
Chowdhury, K., Khan, S., Karim, R., Obaid, M., &
Hasan, G. M. M. 2011. Effect of Moisture, Water
Activity and Packaging Materials on Quality and
Shelf Life of Some Locally Packed Chanachur.
Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research, 46. doi:10.3329/bjsir.v46i1.8102
Chukwu, O., & Imodiboh, I. L. 2009. Influence of
storage conditions on shelf life of dried beef
product (kilishi). Worl Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 5(1): 34-39
Das, A. K., Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Gadekar, Y. P.,
Singh, R. P., & Pragati, H. 2008. Effect of full-
fat soy paste and textured soy granules on quality
and shelf-life of goat meat nuggets in frozen
storage. Meat Science, 80(3), 607-614.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.01
FAO/WUR. 2013. Edible insects: future prospects for
food and feed security. Rome.
Fetriyuna, S. N., Ristiani, E., & Devitasari, C. 2017.
Characteristics and Shelf Life of Dry salted and
unsalted dark Banded Goatfish (upeneus sp.) in.
Paper presented at the 2nd International
Conference on sustainable Agriculture and Food
Security: A Comprehensive Approach, KnE Life
Sciences
Gazalli, H., Malik, A. H., Jalal, H., Afshan, S., Mir,
A., & Ashraf, H. 2013. Packaging of Meat.
International Journal of Food Nutrition and
Safety, 4, 70-80
Gopal, T. K. S., Antony, K. P. and Govindan, T. K.
Packaging of fish and fishery products,
present status and future prospects. Seafood
Export J. 8: 15-22
Gram, L., Ravn, L., Rasch, M., Bruhn, J. B.,
Christensen, A. B., & Givskov, M. 2002. Food
spoilage-interactions between food spoilage
bacteria. International Journal of Food
Micribiology, 78, 79 - 97
Harry, T. L., & Hildegarde, H. 2010. Sensory
Evaluation of Food Principles and Practices (2nd
ed.). New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London:
Springer
Headings, M. E., & Rahnema, S. 2002. The nutritional
value of mopane worm, Gonimbrisia belina
(Lepidopteara:Saturnidae) for human
consumption. Presentation at the Ten Minute
Papers: Section B. Physiology, Biochemistry,
Toxicology and Molecular Biology Series, 20
November 2002. Ohio,USA, Ohio State
University.
Heitschmidt, J. D. 2012. Quality attributes of read- to-
eat Bison meat snacks during 40C accelerated
storage. (Master of Science A Thesis submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Master of Science). Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas
Illgner, P., & Nel, E. 2000. The geography of edible
insects in Sub-Saharan Africa: a study of the
mopane caterpillar. Geography Journal, 336-351.
Isdell, E., Allen, P., Doherty, A., & Butler, F. 2003.
Effect of packaging cycle on the colour stability
of six beef muscles stored in a modofied
atmosphere mother pack system with oxygen
Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment. Volume 7. No.1 2021 15
scavengers. International Journal of Food
Science and Technology, 38, 623 - 632
Kamau, E., Mutungi, C., Kinyuru, J., Imathiu, S.,
Tanga, C., Affognon, H., ... Fiaboe, K. K. M.
Effect of packaging material, storage
temperature and duration on the quality of semi-
processed Adult house Cricket meal. Journal of
Food Research, 7
Klunder, H. C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J., Korpela, J.
M., & Nout, M. J. R. 2012. Microbiological
aspects of processing and storage of edible
insects. Food Control, 26(22): 628-631
Koral, S., Kose, S., & Tufan, B. 2010. The Effect of
Storage Temperature on the Chemical and
Sensorial Quality of Hot Smoked Atlantic Bonito
(Sarda Sarda, Bloch,1838) packed in Aluminium
Foil. . Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences., 10, 439-443
Kumirai, A. 2018. Convective hot air drying kinetics of
Mopane worm. Department of Bioresource
Engineering School of Engineering Submitted in
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MScEng. Pietermaritzburg. University of
KwaZulu-Natal
Kung, H.-F., Lee, Y.-C., Lin, C.-W., Huang, Y.-R.,
Cheng, C.-A., Lin, C.-M., & Tsai, Y.-H. 2017.
The effect of vacuum packaging on histamine
changes of milkfish sticks at various storage
temperatures. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis,
(4), 812-818.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.12.009
Kwiri, R., Winini, C., Muredzi, P., Tongonya, J.,
Gwala, W., Mujuru, F., & Gwala, S. T. 2014.
Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina) Utilisation,
a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended
Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review. Global Journal
of Science Fonters Research: Agriculture and
Veternary, 14(10)
Labuza, T., Roe, K., Payne, C., Panda, F., Labuza, T.,
Labuza, P., & Krusch, L. 2004. Storage stability
of dry food systems: influence of state changes
during drying and storage. Paper presented at the
St. Paul Academy N.J, Sao Paulo, 22 – 25 August
Brazil.
Luna, R., Hashem, M. A., Ali, M., Hossain, M.,
Talukder, M. A. K., & Islam, M. 2013. Effect of
salt and storage temperature on beef sausage
quality. Progressive Agriculture, 23.
doi:10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16561
Mishra, B., Mishra, J., Pati, P., & Rath, P. K. 2017.
Dehydrated Meat Products: A Review.
International Journal of Livestock Research, 1.
doi:10.5455/ijlr.20170812035616
Mkandawire, N. L., Nkunika, P. O. Y. & Banda, D.
Compositional analyses of traditionally fire
- treated and dried Mopane worms harvested in
Northern and Central regions of Zambia, 1 - 18
Mufandaedza, E., Moyo, D., & Makoni, P. 2015.
Management of non-timber forest products
harvesting: Rules and regulations governing
(Imbrasia belina) access in South-Eastern
Lowveld of Zimbabwe. African Journal of
Agricultural Research, 10, 1521-1530.
doi:10.5897/AJAR2013.7720
Mujuru, F. M., Kwiri, R., Nyambi, C., Winini, C., &
Moyo, D. N. 2014. Microbiological Quality
Gonimbrasia Processed under Different
Traditional Practices in Gwanda. International
Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Science, 3, pp, 1085-1094
Okonkwo, T. M., Obanu, Z. A. & Ledward, D. A.
The stability of some intermediate moisture
smoked meats during storage at 30 °C and 38 °C.
Meat Science, 31(3), 245-255
Olayemi, F., Omodara, M. & Peters, O. 2015.
Development of appropriate packaging for shelf
life extension of smoked fish in a developing
economy. International Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Studies, 2(4S): 46-50
Olayemi, F. F. 2012. Shelf-life and quality
characteristics of Smoked Catfish (Clarias
Gariepinus) Stored in Composite Packaging
Materials. Department of Agricultural and
Environmental Engineering submitted to the
Faculty of Technology in partial fulfilment of the
degree of Doctor of Philosopy. Nigeria University
of Ibadan:
Pathare, P. B., Opara, U. L. & AI-Said, F. A. J. 2013.
Colour measurement and analysis of fresh and
processed foods: A Review. Food and Bioprocess
Technology, 6, 36 - 60
PHLS. 2000. Communicable Diseases and Public
Health. Public Health Laboratory Service, 3, 163
- 167.
Potts, H, L. Amin, K. N., and Duncan, S. E. 2017.
Retail lighting and packaging influence consumer
acceptance of fluid milk. Journal of Dairy
Science, 100(1), 146 – 156.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-1
Sanchez-Escalante, A., Djenane, D., Torrescano, G.,
Beltran, J. A., & Roncales, P. 2001. The effects
of ascorbic acid, taurine, carnosine and rosemary
Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment. Volume 7. No.1 2021 16
powder on colour and lipid stability of beef patties
packaged in modified atmosphere. Meat Science,
(4), 421 - 429
Scetar, M., Kurek, M. & Galic, K. 2010. Trends in
meat and meat products packaging: A Review.
Croatia Journal of Food Science Technology,
(1), 32 - 48
Sekhwela, M. B. M. 1989. The nutritive value of
Mophane bread-Mophane insect secretion
(Maphote or Moaboti). Botswana Notes and
Records, 20: 151-153.
Siah, W. M. & Modd Tahir, S. 2011. Effect of different
packaging materials on the shelf life of modified
atmosphere packaged red tilapia (Oreochromis
mossambica) fillets. International Food Research
Journal, 18(3), 1091 - 1095
Teffo, L. S. 2007. Nutritional and medicinal value of the
edible stinkbug, Encosternum delegorguei
Spinola consumed in the Limpopo Province of
South Africa and its host plant Dodonaea viscosa
Jacq. var. angustifolia. Philosophiac Doctor
(PhD) in Phytomedicine Programme. Department
of Paraclinical Sciences. Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences. University of Pretoria.
Toms, R. B., Thagwana, M. P. and Lithole, K. D.
The mopane worm-indigenous knowledge
in the classroom. Science in Africa.
http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2003/.
Accessed 16 June 2020
Uzzaman, M. A., Bakar, J., Rahman, R. A. & Karim,
R. 2018. Storage stability of spray-dried Tapila
meat powder produced under optimized
condition. Journal of Food Technol Pres, 2(1), 6
- 14
Villota, R., Saguy, I. S., & Kearel, M. 1980. Storage
Stability of Dehydrated Food Evaluation of
Literature Data. Journal of Food Quality, 3, 123 -
Wazir, H., Shyan Yea, C., Zarei, M., Hussin, F.,
Mustapha, N. A., Wan Ibadullah, W. Z. &
Saari, N. 2019. Effects of Storage Time and
Temperature on Lipid Oxidation and Protein Co-
Oxidation of Low-Moisture Shredded Meat
Products. Antioxidants, 8, 486.
doi:10.3390/antiox8100486
Wijayanti, I., Surti, T., Anggo, A. D., & Susanto, E.
Effect Different Packaging on Proximate
and Lysine Content of Milkfish [Chanos Chanos
(Forsskål, 1775)] Floss During Storage. Aquatic
Procedia, 7, 118-124.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro. 2016.07.016
Yilmaz, I., & Demirci, M. 2010. Effect of different
packaging methods and storage temperature on
microbiological and physicochemical quality
characteristics of meat ball. Food Science and Technology International
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.